Optimal electric bus fleet scheduling considering battery degradation and non-linear charging profile

This study aims to determine the battery electric bus service and charging strategy minimize total operational cost of transit system, where incurred by degradation non-linear profile is taken into account. We formulate a set partitioning model for this problem, subject predefined trip schedule limited facilities. A tailored branch-and-price approach then proposed find global optimal solution. In particular, we develop an effective multi-label correcting method deal with pricing problem (i.e., generating columns) in column generation procedure within framework, coupled dual stabilization technique aim accelerate convergence rate. Meanwhile, branch-and-bound solution adopted guarantee integer solutions. Numerical experiments case arising from real network are conducted further assess efficiency applicability method. Our confirm that, despite complexity considered can still be generated reasonable computational time using algorithm. The results also show considerable saving (about 10.1–27.3% less) if optimization implemented, mainly contributed substantial extension life. number managerial insights stemmed numerical outlined, which help operators more cost-efficient fleet scheduling plans.